Libertarianism, as an ideal, is a form of self-governance that relies on self-ownership and labor-induced property ownership. So, in the fundamental sense, you possess exclusive ownership of your body and you own any of the natural world that you retrieve and improve. There is no government involved in this process, nor do they have any say in it. Private property rights are equivalent to natural human rights and are not to be violated by any person or organization, government included.
Government is only introduced when property disputes begin. The government in the Libertarian ideal is voluntary and highly distributed on as local a level as possible.
A body of law is maintained by elected representatives with a rotating sun-setting of all laws such that the legal filth does not accumulate over time. The only legitimate laws are those that prevent men from injuring one another or transgressing against another person's private property. Laws are enforced by elected sheriffs and neighborhood committees of safety. The only laws that are enforced are those that you are willing to kill your neighbor over. In a Libertarian society, everyone is a law enforcement officer. If you cannot be bothered to interrupt your life to enforce law, then the law will not be enforced. The committees of safety manage the community security on a local level and ensure that residents respect one another's private property.
Government agencies are staffed with elected directors on set and term limited terms of service. There is no retirement packages for civil servants, they are paid and save for retirement like any other citizen. The directors hire management and all necessary personnel beneath them for executing the task at hand much like is done in our current government.
Taxation is completely voluntary and budgets are determined by what community non-profit organizations that people donate to. Organizations like the military industrial complex, the community infrastructure, community research, standards organizations, welfare, etc are budgeted according to how many people donate to their cause. Each governmental agency is essentially a non-profit organization meant to fulfill a given purpose. The budgets will change automatically in accordance with the needs of the community as a whole and the quality of the service provided.
The military is broken up into three main bodies, the wartime command, the training command, and the contracts command. The training command is further subdivided along state lines and branch lines. The wartime command only exists when a war is declared by the representative governing body, otherwise the training command dictates soldier's activities during non-wartime situations. All wars are declared with achievable goals and specific authorities for the wartime command. The contracts command is responsible for maintaining military research for all of the training commands equipment and technology.
Infrastructure, such as roads, rails, communications lines, etc are maintained by an infrastructure agency (or agencies) who collects donations and completes projects based on local demand.
Order is maintained by private arbiters who access the public body of law maintained by the representative body. Arbiters are paid fair market price to resolve disputes between citizens. They are not approved by any centralized organization like the BAR Association, but are selected by both members of a given dispute who both pay a portion of the fees of the arbiter. Any arbiter that is not seen by the community at large as giving out fair rulings will not be patronized. Unfair and corrupt judges will be automatically weeded out of the system by the free market.
The primary weaknesses that I presently see in the Libertarian ideal so far are the unity of people across different sectors, unity of law across different regions, and indecision at council levels. Libertarianism is sound philosophically for the most part, but it has a lot of wrinkles to work out in practice.
However, the Libertarian ideas are far superior to anything either the authoritarian right (Republicans) or authoritarian left (Democrats) have put forward. This is why I endorse Gary Johnson for President, despite the oxymoronic nature of this proposal.
For more reading, see:
http://www.thelastbastille.com/2016/01/24/the-state-is-not-great-how-government-poisons-everything/ - Quick read
https://mises.org/system/tdf/For%20a%20New%20Liberty%20The%20Libertarian%20Manifesto_3.pdf?file=1&type=document - Not quick read
